Ingrown Toenails

Understanding Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments

Ingrown toenails are one of the most common—and often most painful—foot problems. They occur when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin, causing irritation, swelling, and sometimes infection. While any toe can be affected, the big toe is most commonly involved.

Although ingrown toenails may seem like a minor issue at first, they can quickly worsen if left untreated, especially for people with diabetes, poor circulation, or nerve damage. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help prevent complications and keep your feet healthy.

What Causes Ingrown Toenails?

Several factors can contribute to the development of an ingrown toenail:

1. Improper Nail Trimming

Cutting toenails too short or rounding the corners encourages the nail to grow into the skin instead of straight outward.

2. Tight or Narrow Footwear

Shoes that squeeze the toes—such as pointed dress shoes or snug athletic footwear—place pressure on the nails and surrounding skin.

3. Toe or Nail Injury

Stubbing your toe, dropping something on your foot, or repeated trauma from activities like running or soccer can alter nail growth.

4. Genetic Factors

Some people naturally have curved or thick nails that are more prone to becoming ingrown.

5. Poor Foot Hygiene

Moisture and improper grooming can make the skin around the nails softer and more vulnerable to irritation.

6. Medical Conditions

People with diabetes, obesity, nail fungal infections, or swelling in the lower legs have a higher risk of ingrown toenails.

Symptoms to Watch For

Ingrown toenails often develop gradually. Common symptoms include:

• Pain or tenderness along one or both sides of the nail

• Redness and swelling

• Warmth in the affected area

• Fluid buildup around the nail

• Pus or drainage, indicating infection

• Difficulty wearing shoes or walking comfortably

If infection is present, symptoms may worsen, and medical attention is recommended promptly.

Home Care and Early Treatment

For mild cases, at-home treatments may help relieve discomfort and encourage proper nail growth:

1. Warm Soaks

Soak the foot in warm, soapy water for 15–20 minutes, 2–3 times daily to reduce swelling and soften the skin.

2. Gently Lifting the Nail Edge

Placing a small piece of cotton or dental floss under the nail edge may help it grow outward (only for non-infected, mild cases).

3. Proper Nail Trimming

Trim nails straight across—avoid rounding the corners.

4. Comfortable Footwear

Wear shoes with wide toe boxes or switch to open-toed shoes temporarily to reduce pressure.

If symptoms worsen, persist, or show signs of infection, professional care is necessary.

When to See a Podiatrist

You should seek professional treatment if:

• Pain is severe or persistent

• There is pus, redness spreading, or signs of infection

• The condition keeps recurring

• You have diabetes, circulation issues, or neuropathy

• Home care does not improve symptoms

A podiatrist can provide safe, effective treatment and help prevent complications.

Medical Treatments for Ingrown Toenails

Depending on severity, a foot specialist may recommend:

1. Partial Nail Removal (Partial Nail Avulsion)

The ingrown portion of the nail is removed to relieve pressure and pain.
Often combined with a short procedure to prevent the problematic section from growing back.

2. Chemical Matrixectomy

A chemical (commonly phenol or sodium hydroxide) is applied to stop the nail edge from returning.
This is highly effective for chronic or recurring ingrown nails.

3. Antibiotics

If infection is present, topical or oral antibiotics may be used alongside nail treatment.

4. Full Nail Removal

In severe or complicated cases, the entire nail may be removed temporarily—though this is less common.

Prevention: Keeping Ingrown Toenails Away

Good habits go a long way toward prevention:

• Trim toenails straight across—not too short

• Wear well-fitted shoes with adequate toe room

• Keep feet clean and dry

• Avoid picking or tearing nails

• Seek early treatment if discomfort begins

Those with diabetes or vascular issues should monitor their feet regularly and work with a healthcare provider for routine care.

Conclusion

Ingrown toenails are common but can cause significant discomfort and complications if ignored. With proper care, early treatment, and good foot hygiene, most cases can be managed effectively—and serious problems can be avoided. If you have recurring pain or signs of infection, a podiatrist can provide long-term relief through safe, targeted treatments.